The Scarlet Letter Essay - 1207 Words

In England 1629, King Charles I dissented the religious practices of Puritans and others, which were developed in England during his reign. With the many executions of Puritans in England, Puritans decided to seek a new life in the new world, which led to the Massachusetts bay colony. By letting them seek a new life, King Charles I approved by signing of the charter of the Massachusetts bay colony to the Dorchester Company. The charter states that people can choose who can govern them in the colony and the necessities the colony must have. The puritan leaders arrived and start to establish the colony based on God’s laws. â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† encloses a lot of the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay colony laws, and invokes them mostly on†¦show more content†¦On page 36, the wives say â€Å"At the very least, they should have put the brand of a hot iron on Hester Prynne’s forehead. Madam Hester would have winced at that, I warrant me. But she, --- the naughty baggage, --- little will she care†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ always in her heart†. This shows how Hester was a sinful woman, that her sinful crime cannot be forgiven and had a price to pay for. A mark on her chest, the scarlet letter, that states to the whole society of the Massachusetts Bay colony how a sinner is punished. Also on page 41, â€Å"from this intense consciousness of being the object of severe and universal observation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ of her thoughts†, the use of intense consciousness and universal observation, points out the juxtaposition that the author wrote to compare the inside of Hester to the outside which is universal observation. This synthesis shows public humiliation and shame towards Hester, as the doctrine states that sinners are sinned towards the puritan law. Only governors decide how the sinner should be punished but the sin must be known to others, to show what the circumstances will be. The charter of Massachusetts Bay Colony states the law of h ow only government officials allowed to punish the sinners. In the Charter, â€Å" Governor and Companv at any of their Courts or Assemblies as shable therevnto appointed by the saide Governor and Companv at any of their Courts or Assemblies to be held as aforesaid, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†. Through the use of alliteration, the attention of theShow MoreRelated The Scarlet Letter Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesThe Scarlet Letter A Critical Analysis of Hester Prynne The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1849. This novel won him much fame and a good reputation as a writer. In writing The Scarlet Letter, Hawethorne was creating a form of fiction he called the psychological romance. A psychological romance is a story that contains all of the conventional trappings of a typical romance, but deeply portrays humans in conflict with themselves. The Scarlet Letter won Hawthorne greatRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter : Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Independent Topic Essay In the stories of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the antagonist characters display parallel story lines through their searches for the enemy. Roger Chillingworth, the former husband of Hester Prynne and the antagonist of The Scarlet Letter, works against his wife in order to find her untold second lover. Frankenstein is a contrasting story in which an unnamed monster is the antagonist towards his human creatorRead More The Scarlet Letter Essay2526 Words   |  11 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a great piece of literature. It explores problems in society that still occur today. It is fascinating to see how the Puritans punished adultery then and the lack of punishment of adultery in our society now. It shows how all the characters affect Hester and what everyone does in the community. It shows that no one is exempt from any type of crime in that town. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, he analyzes the cha racters of Hester Prynne, Arthur DimmesdaleRead MoreScarlet Letter Protagonist Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesEssay Test: The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is set in the early days of Puritan America. Hester Prynne, a seamstress, comes to the New World before her husband in order to prepare a place for them. During his absence, she develops a relationship with Arthur Dimmesdale, a rising minister in the newly founded Puritan community. Hester becomes pregnant. The novel is widely viewed to be a story about her trials and tribulations; however, critic Randall Steward arguesRead MoreLetter Essay : The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne820 Words   |  4 PagesCecilia Wang English 11 10/30/2017 Scarlet Letter Essay Scarlet Letter Essay Set in Boston, Massachusetts, a Puritan society, the Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story about a love triangle between a young woman, who is condemned for adultery and wears a letter â€Å"A† on her bosom, a well respectable clergyman and an old physician who lives with the clergyman as a friend and sucks his soul bit by bit. Initially, Dimmesdale, the clergyman, struggles to live with his sin and this agonizedRead MoreScarlet Letter Essay On Nature1175 Words   |  5 PagesSkylar Bowyer October 24, 2017 Mr. Bernstein Scarlet Letter Essay Albert Einstein, a famous theoretical physicist, once said, â€Å"Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.† Nature reveals much more to the human eye than many people realize. By looking deep into nature, one can find the inner workings of the universe and the simplicity of life. The Puritans and other main characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter did exactly this. Within the novel, readers witnessRead More Scarlet Letter Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pages A common theme throughout literature is religion and how the author feels about his or her faith. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses rhetorical devices to draw comparisons between characters and events in The Scarlet Letter and Biblical figures and accounts. A few of the devices found in this novel that connect it to the Bible are symbolism, paradox, allusions, and characterization. It is important to first look at the characters and how they are described through characterization. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesThe Scarlet Letter Introduction The Scarlet Letter is a classic tale of sin, punishment, and revenge. It was written in 1850 by the famous American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. It documents the lives of three tragic characters, each of whom suffer greatly because of his or her sins. Shot Plot The story begins with Hester Prynne, a resident of a small Puritan community, being led from the town jailhouse to a publicRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesHawthorne, Nathaniel The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is biblical in notion that there is sin in everyone, but it is up to God to judge. The theme of The Scarlet Letter is that revenge gets you nowhere and guilt is not the way. A determined woman refuses to speak out, but the secret is told and it costs two men their lives. Adam and Eve are guilty of sin and God punished them so perhaps that is the way it should stay. Hester Prynne’s scarlet ‘A’ has marked her foreverRead More The Scarlet Letter Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesPrynne: The Ultimate Feminist Heroine nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s American classic The Scarlet Letter the main character Hester Prynne is portrayed as the preeminent feminist heroine through the portraiture of her crime and punishment. In this novel, a Puritanical society in New England condemns Hester Prynne to wear a highly embossed depiction of the letter â€Å"A† on her breast as punishment for an act of adultery. How Hester handles the consequences of her castigation is

Analysis Of Hemingway s Hills Like White Elephants And Cat

Love, Distance and Dread of Duty in Hemingway’s Hills like White Elephants and Cat in the Rain Love is an all inclusive theme managed by practically every author and writer paying little respect to age, sex or nationality. In spite of the fact that adoration is inescapable in every period from antiquated circumstances up to now, the idea of affection or possibly its recognition and quality has changed with time. As an outcome of the First and Second World War individuals continuously got estranged from each other, since the individuals who saw the agitating frightful scenes on the war zones couldn t confront reality legitimately, and thus wound up noticeably separated and detached. Among them were the general population of the purported†¦show more content†¦The dread of duty additionally emerges as an issue in these stories, since it is firmly connected to distance. The accomplices fear genuine association, of uncovering their actual sentiments and musings endeavoring to stay reserved and to hold their own particular private circles. Therefore, they are unwilling to c onfer themselves totally to their dearest, since it would mean surrendering their agreeable lives in opportunity without commitments, moreover breaking their security and disengagement. Being focused on somebody implies sharing and giving up something for the benefit of both, however it is too high a value the characters (if there should arise an occurrence of these stories, the men) are prepared to pay. Love can show itself in the most different ways, including the inclination to have. It can be intense to the point that individuals can t confront the way that they truly should not and can t generally have a person. Everyone has its own particular private circle, a sort of air pocket encompassing a man which ought to be regarded even in a nearest relationship. In spite of the fact that a man needs to have his own self and hold his own life and identity, it can be taken too far when the two gatherings are excessively withdrawn from each other not having enough meeting focuses and. I t is possible that it is the outcome of or, on the other hand it comes about inShow MoreRelatedStylistic Potential of the English Noun16714 Words   |  67 Pages-30 1.5.4 Stylistic potential of the category of article determination -34 Chapter Two. Analysis of examples taken from fiction on the basis of considered theoretical phenomena -42 2.1 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of gender -43 2.2 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of number -53 2.3 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of case -55 2.4 Analysis of the examples regarding the category of article determination Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesCalifornia USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The current version has been significantly revised. If you would like to suggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which is owned by Cengage Learning: There is

Critical Analysis Obesity and Diabetes in Rural to Urban Migrants

Question: Discuss about the Obesity and Diabetes in Rural to Urban Migrants. Answer: According to the information provided by WHO BMI over 25 kg/m2 is defined as overweight, and a BMI of over 30 kg/m2 as obese (WHO, 2003). Obesity is a serious problem that can lead to much chronic disease and one such chronic health problem is diabetes. Diabetes and obesity are highly prevalent in developed as well as developing economies. Wide array of research has been done to identify the reason of high prevalence of obesity and diabetes. One such study has been conducted by Ebrahim et al (2010). It is crosses sectional study that that has been designed to identify the relation between the rural to urban migration and development of obesity and diabetes in Indian population. There are many evidences that have been presented by the research studies that support the idea of development of obesity and diabetes due to rural to urban migration (Bowen et al, 2011). Study explains that migration of the rural population towards the urban areas helps in promoting urbanization. However, thi s process of urbanization also includes the risk of obesity and diabetes. The study has focused on testing the hypothesis that rural to urban migrants have higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes in comparison to rural non-migrants. Study also based on the theory or the hypothesis that migrants would have an intermediate prevalence of obesity and diabetes compared with life-long urban and rural dwellers, and that longer time since migration would be associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and of diabetes Ebrahim et al (2010). Study has been designed to find the cardiovascular risks in the factory workers, who have migrated from the rural parts of India. These factories were located in the north, central and south India. Other research studies related to this topic has found that migration of the people from the rural areas to urban areas is linked with the high prevalence of obesity that also works as the driving factor for raising the diabetes epidemic in India (Misra et al, 2001). The study selected for this analysis has used the framework of a cardiovascular risk factor screening study that has been conducted in factories situated in north, central, and south India (Reddy et al, 2006). The researchers have designed the sib-pair comparative study that was conducted in the four different factories located in different parts of India. According to the study of Poznik et al (2006), sib-pair linkage analysis is considered as the popular method for identifying the genes that are responsible for the occurrence of the complex disease. The details of the four factories are Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd situated in Lucknow, Indorama Synthetics Ltd located in Nagpur, Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd located in Hyderabad and Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd located in Bangalore. Study conducted by Misra et al (2001) has also focused on the northern part of the country for identifying the reasons of high prevalence of diabetes and obesity in the rural to urban migrants living in the poor socio-economic conditions. Some of the significant reasons associated with high prevalence of diabetes and obesity in rural migrant population are associated with socio-economic condition and metabolic characteristics of this population. For the purpose of sampling in the study of Ebrahim et al (2010), the factory workers and their spouses were recruited for the study if they were the rural urban migrants. This sampling was done by using the employer records. For identifying the difference in the health, the researchers also asked the migrants and their spouses to invite their non-migrant sibling of same sex and close to their age, who are still residing in their rural location or the place of origin. The main focus of the study has been on rural to urban migration is very hi gh in India and such population suffer many physical and mental health issues (Albers et al, 2016). Study gave priority to the gender over age, as multiple same sex sibs were available. Sibling pair design is significantly used in comparing the risk factors of the chronic diseases. Study also assessed the factory workers with urban origin and urban dwelling sibs (not working in the factory) through interview, fasting blood samples and examination.25% of the samples were collected from the non-migrant urban population working in these factories. Sib pair comparative analysis was carried out to compare the risk factors associated with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This method of the research informed about the complexities of the sib-pair analysis (Albers et al, 2016). The total number of participants in the study was 6150. 42% of the total participants were women. The strategy of inviting the same sex sibs informed that sibs were being drawn from the 20 different states of India. This strategy also informed about the migration patterns of the factory workforce and t heir partners in India. The results of the study show that response rate was high. Total of 21,662 factory workers and their spouses from all four factories were available for the research. Out of these 15,596 (72%) of the people were found to be still working in these factories, out of which 88% of the people were able to complete the initial assessment conducted for the eligibility criteria. Out of 13,695 people, only 7,594 (55%) people were eligible for the study, because these people had the rural dwelling sibs. 94% of these people agreed to complete the medical examination with their sib. The people, who failed to participate in the study were mainly because of the reason that they sibling were unwilling to travel for the purpose of study and also due to time constraints (harvesting season or exams). The researchers could only obtain the limited data from the initial screening interview. The study could not found any significant differences on the basis of marital status, distance from the rural place of origin, mean age or the migrant status. The results of the study stated that prevalence of the cardiovascular risks was lower in the non-responders (14.8%), while it was higher in the non-consenters (21.1%). However, the cardiovascular risk was higher in responders (19.3%) in comparison to non-responders. Results also showed that fasting blood glucose level were similar in the migrant and urban groups (in men and women), while fasting blood glucose was lower in the rural sibs. Prevalence of diabetes was higher in the urban and migrant group in comparison to rural group. Urban and migrant men and women has the increased odds of diabetes in comparison to rural group. Findings of the study suggests that BMI found in men weakened the association between the place of origin and cardio vascular risks systolic blood pressure but did not reduce the strength of associations with fasting blood glucose, HOMA, or the prevalence of diabetes (Ebrahim et al, 2010). Another study also found high insulin resistance in Asian Migrants and diabetes is four times higher in the rural migrated population (Misra Ganda, 2007). The findings of the study by Ebrahim et al, (2010) supported the hypothesis that there is high prevalence of obesity and diabetes in the rural to urban migrants in comparison to rural non-migrants. However the findings of the study could not support the second and third hypothesis of the study that had mentioned that there is intermediate prevalence in migrants in comparison to urban dwellers and the long time of migrations increase the prevalence risks was not supported by the findings. Therefore the findings of the study demonstrated that rural o urban migration in India is associated with rapid increase in the risk of obesity and diabetes. This has been mainly linked with he changed behaviour that is reduced physical activities, increased alcohol intake. These factors are similar to the urban population as well. Obesity and diabetes are reaching to epidemic level in rural to urban migrant population in India (Bowen et al, 2011). Study also suggested that health promotional activities and interventions targeting migrant population can help in reducing or slowing down the risk of obesity and diabetes. Since, there is rapid urbanization in developing countries, such interventions are important (Misra Ganda, 2007). Since, health and social well-being of the people is determined by various factors, such as demographic pattern, pattern of consuming food, and socio-economic condition, holistic approach for empowering vulnerable population is significant (Kumar Preetha, 2012). For the purpose of study validation and ethical consideration, information of the research was provided to the participants in their local languages (Bowen et al, 2011). Informed Consent of the participants was received through their signed information sheets or obtaining thumb print on sheets (if the participant was illiterate). This study also received the approval from the ethical committee of India, which is All India Institute of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee; reference number A-60/4/8/2004. Field work began in March 2005 and was completed by December 2007. Study also includes the appropriate reasons for the exclusion of the participants from the study, which is important for understanding the biases. Rural to urban migrants undergo the extensive environmental change is caused due to rapid urbanization. This change requires studying the epidemiological transition to be studied. The health related changes in the migrants over the short period of time can provide the better insight to the problem. This will also allow providing the health information of the wide range of population affected by urbanization (Mohan et al, 2008). Therefore, the period of research can significantly affect the selection biases based on the length of the period. Study also focused on the dietary intake of the migrants. The dietary intake of the migrants was assessed with the help of the interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The frequency of the intake of the 184 commonly consumed food items was included in the questionnaire. For maintaining the validity and reliability of the data, subsamples were asked to complete the questionnaire during the period of original data collection. Fat intake was considered as indicator of the dietary change. Since, diet is an important risk factor for the occurrence of obesity and diabetes, the changes in the dietary patter and changes in food indicate can provide effective and reliable cues about the occurrence of obesity and diabetes in migrant population. The results of the study are likely to be affected by confounding because the study could not support the hypothesis that longer time since migration can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes. The time could be an important aspect of determining the level of risk. However, study failed to find this and support this hypothesis (Ebrahim et al, 2010). The results are not likely to be affected by the measurement biases because study used the appropriate measurement tool and framework that has been selected by many other epidemiological studies. The temporal relationship is very significant to be established between the exposure and the outcome (Rothman, Greenland, 2005), as the casual association among the exposure has been studied in detail. Ebrahim et al, (2010) has provided the occurrence of the disease with logical explanation about the exposure to the various factors. The study of Ebrahim et al (2010) has explained the various risk factors and exposures that increase the risk of obesity and diabetes (such as, environmental changes, dietary changes, physical exercise and migration associated difference in blood pressure, lipids, fasting blood glucose, and insulin. The dose response relationship has not been established. However, study provides the strong relationship between the exposure and the outcome. Study provides the difference between the BMI of the male migrant sib group and rural sib group. The findings of the study can be considered as consistent with the evidences provided in the similar studies. Ebrahim et al (2010) found that migrant and urban men and women had 2 fold increased odd of obesity and diabetes. This finding has been consistent with the evidences presented by Varadharajan et al (2013), who conducted the cross sectional survey in the 29 states of India and included 56,498 non-pregnant women, aged 15 to 49 years, and 42,190 men, aged 15 to 54 years (Varadharajan et al, 2013). This study also found that there has been mean increase in the BMI value and also suggested that rural to urban migration population in India have higher odds of obesity in comparison to rural population. The results presented by the study can be considered as reliable in terms of biological evidences. The study of Millett et al (2013) has also included the biological evidences for the similar study design and rural to urban population. Genetic and lifestyle factors are found to be responsible for the occurrence of obesity and diabetes (Lyngdoh et al, 2006). The acquired insulin resistance has been associated with biological and genetic factors that may increase due to the migration process. The sib comparison could b like the twin study, but it is significant for determining the genetic contribution towards the disease. Some biological factors like heritability are not mentioned in the study of Ebrahim et al (2010), which my be significant for determining the genetic variations. Diet has been considered as an important risk factor, therefore, it has also been considered by various other rural-urban migrant studies (Carrillo-Larco et al (2016); He et al (1996); Torun et al (2002). Rural to urban Peru migrant study conducted by Carrillo-Larco et al (2016) examined the ongoing urbanization in the developing countries has contributed to rapid development of obesity. Such increased risk of obesity has been associated with change in food and development of obesogenic environment. Study of Jones et al (2014) obesogenic environment would include several characteristics: improved transit leading to less physical activity related to commuting, a wider access to different kinds of food (healthy, unhealthy and even junk food), wider exposure to fast food and their associated marketing strategies, and different prices between healthy and unhealthy food. The increased risk of obesity in urbanized environment may be high because rural environment have more protective effec t. Therefore the study of Ebrahim et al, (2010) found that risk of obesity and diabetes is less in rural populations. High level of saturated fat and cholesterol intake is found in rural to migrant population in comparison to non-migrant population (Torun et al, 2002). The external validity of the study depends upon the applicability of the study design in the source population. Ebrahim et al (2010) conducted the study in the four different factories of India and carefully selected the rural to urban migrants. Study also include the spouses of the migrants and considered them valuable for the migrant study. This study also found the similar pattern for the obesity and diabetes in men as well as in women migrants. The findings can be applied to the source population as the random selection of the urban participants was also done, but study cannot be generalized o the other rural to urban migrant population, as this study includes a very large sample of the participants. The study results can also be applied to other populations, as many other studies have provided similar evidences that support the hypothesis of the study conducted by Ebrahim et al (2010). References Albers, H. M., Kinra, S., Krishna, K. R., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Kuper, H. (2016). Prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms in relation to rural-to-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychology,4(1), 47. Bowen, L., Ebrahim, S., De Stavola, B., Ness, A., Kinra, S., Bharathi, A. V., ... Reddy, K. (2011). Dietary intake and rural-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study.PloS one,6(6), e14822. Carrillo-Larco, R. M., Bernab-Ortiz, A., Pillay, T. D., Gilman, R. H., Sanchez, J. F., Poterico, J. A., ... Miranda, J. J. (2016). Obesity risk in rural, urban and rural-to-urban migrants: prospective results of the PERU MIGRANT study.International journal of obesity (2005),40(1), 181. Ebrahim, S., Kinra, S., Bowen, L., Andersen, E., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Lyngdoh, T., ... Mohan, (2010). The effect of rural-to-urban migration on obesity and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study.PLoS Med,7(4), e1000268. He, J., Klag, M. J., Wu, Z., Qian, M. C., Chen, J. Y., Mo, P. S., ... Whelton, P. K. (1996). Effect of migration and related environmental changes on serum lipid levels in southwestern Chinese men.American journal of epidemiology,144(9), 839-848. Jones, N. R., Conklin, A. I., Suhrcke, M., Monsivais, P. (2014). The growing price gap between more and less healthy foods: analysis of a novel longitudinal UK dataset.PLoS One,9(10), e109343. Kumar, S., Preetha, G. S. (2012). Health promotion: An effective tool for global health.Indian Journal of Community Medicine,37(1), 5. Lyngdoh, T., Kinra, S., Shlomo, Y. B., Reddy, S., Prabhakaran, D., Smith, G. D., Ebrahim, (2006). Sib-recruitment for studying migration and its impact on obesity and diabetes.Emerging Themes in Epidemiology,3(1), 2. Millett, C., Agrawal, S., Sullivan, R., Vaz, M., Kurpad, A., Bharathi, A. V., ... Ebrahim, S. (2013). Associations between active travel to work and overweight, hypertension, and diabetes in India: a cross-sectional study.PLoS Med,10(6), e1001459. Misra, A., Ganda, O. P. (2007). Migration and its impact on adiposity and type 2 diabetes.Nutrition,23(9), 696-708. Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Devi, J. R., Sharma, R., Vikram, N. K., Khanna, N. (2001). High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India.International journal of obesity,25(11), 1722. Mohan, V., Mathur, P., Deepa, R., Deepa, M., Shukla, D. K., Menon, G. R., ... Thankappan, K. R. (2008). Urban rural differences in prevalence of self-reported diabetes in IndiaThe WHOICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance.Diabetes research and clinical practice,80(1), 159-168. Poznik, G. D., Adamska, K., Xu, X., Krolewski, A. S., Rogus, J. J. (2006). A novel framework for sib pair linkage analysis.The American Journal of Human Genetics,78(2), 222-230. Reddy, K. S., Prabhakaran, D., Chaturvedi, V., Jeemon, P., Thankappan, K. R., Ramakrishnan, L., ... Meera, R. (2006). Methods for establishing a surveillance system for cardiovascular diseases in Indian industrial populations.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,84(6), 461-469. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S. (2005). Causation and causal inference in epidemiology.American journal of public health,95(S1), S144-S150. Torun, B., Stein, A. D., Schroeder, D., Grajeda, R., Conlisk, A., Rodriguez, M., ... Martorell, R. (2002). Rural-to-urban migration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young Guatemalan adults. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(1), 218-226. Varadharajan, K. S., Thomas, T., Rajaraman, D., Kurpad, A. V., Vaz, M. (2013). Overweight and obesity among internal migrants in India.Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition,22(3), 416-425. WHO. (2003). Global Strategy On Diet, physical Activity and Health. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/media/en/gsfs_obesity.pdf

Jars Of Clay Essays - Biblical People In Islam, Paul The Apostle

Jars Of Clay 1. Introduction: I will be teaching this lesson to a group of second graders at my church. Are classroom is on the upstairs level and, I will also be utilizing the outside area that is directly behind of my church. There are about thirty second graders in my classroom. So, it is a really busy class. But, they are a whole lot of fun to work with. And, they seem to respond to me well. We will be talking about II Cor. 4:7-18. I think that this lesson will be very interesting to first and second graders. It will help them to better understand the gift of salvation. 2. Outline: I. Opening Focus A. Make small clay pinch pots B. Ask the children questions C. Show large pot II. Saul (Acts : 9) A. Saul's threats B. Jesus speaking to Saul 1. ?why do you persecute me 2. ?go to the city? C. Saul's blindness 1. blind for three days 2. Saul meets Ananias 3. Saul is healed spiritually and physically D. Saul's Discipleship 1. the other disciples did not believe Paul 2. Barnabas tells of Saul's healing 3. Paul is accepted III. Paul (Acts 13:9) A. ?Asked of God? B. Prison 1. wrote letters 2. rejoiced C. Paul's letter to Corinth (2 Cor. 4:1-18) 1. Corinth's problems 2. Corinth's disbelief 3. Jars of Clay (2 Cor. 4:7) a. kept treasures in them b. fragil 4. Christians as Jars of Clay a. hard pressed b. struck down by others c. treasures of heaven inside (2 Cor. 4:18) 3-5 External Content, Internal Content, and Application: Opening focus: As my opening focus I am going to take the children outside to make clay pots. I will teach them to make a simple pinch pot. While the children are pinching their pots I will ask them questions (Where in the Bible do we learn about clay pots? What are some of the things that you can do with a clay pot? Do you all have any clay pots at your house? Do clay pots break easy? and etc.). Then when they are finished I will show them a large clay pot that I have made. Then, I will have all of the children leave their pots at their seats and come sit in the grass so I can tell them a story. Lesson Body: I want to tell you a story about a man named Saul (Acts:9). Saul was a very bad man. He threatened to murder Jesus's disciples in Acts 9:1. One day while Saul was walking to Damascus he fell to the ground. He heard a great voice saying, ?Saul, Saul why do you persecute me. Who are you, Lord? Saul asked. And, what do you all think that the voice replied? The voice said, ?I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting. Now, get up and go into the city?. But, when Saul got up he had a big problem. He could not see anything. So, he had to be lead by hand into Damascus. And, for three whole days he could not see a thing. Can you all imagine what it would be like not to be able to see anything? Do you think it would be scary? Saul was very scared. But, he met up with a man named Ananias. And, Ananias was sent by the Lord to help Paul see again. And, he was also here to fill Saul with the Holy Spirit. And, when Ananias told Saul these things Saul felt something heavy lift from his eyes. And, it was a miracle. Saul could see again. What is a miracle? A miracle is an act that only God can do. When Saul finally made it to Damascus he met with the disciples. Do you all know what a disciple is? A disciple is someone who spreads the word of God. But, when Saul met up with the disciples. They did not believe that he was a disciple. But, Barnabas told them about Saul's vision of God. And, the disciples believed him and accepted him as their own. So, Saul changed his name to Paul (Acts 13:9). Do you all know what the name Paul means? The name Paul means ?asked of God?. And, Paul surely was asked of God. After Paul was saved he had a bit of misfortune. He was arrested. And, where do you go when you are arrested? You go to jail. But, while Paul was in jail he still continued to work for the Lord. He learned to rejoice in times of sorrow. Do you

Cognitive Dissonance Theory essays

Cognitive Dissonance Theory essays Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festinger, is concerned with the relationships among cognitions. In this context, cognition can be perceived as a piece of knowledge that may inscribe an element of an attitude, an emotion, a behavior, a value, and so on. For example, the knowledge that you like the color blue is cognition. People hold a multitude of cognitions simultaneously, and these cognitions form irrelevant, consonant or dissonant relationships with one another. Cognitive Irrelevance probably describes the bulk of the relationships among a person's cognitions. Irrelevance simply means that the two cognitions have nothing to do with each other. Two cognitions are consonant if one cognition fits with or is consistent with the other. People like consonance among their cognitions. We do not know whether this aspect is innate or is learned, but people do prefer cognitions that fit together to those that do not. It is this simple observation that gives the theory of cognitive dissonance its interesting form. And, two cognitions are said to be dissonant or incompatible if one cognition follows from the opposite of another. Dissonance occurs when two cognitions are in a dissonant relationship. Dissonance is not something that people want in their lives. People try to avoid dissonance if they do come across it. For example, Smoking cigarettes may taste good and look professional, but in fact it is known to cause smoking ailments like lung cancer, emphysema and bronchitis. With this in mind, the greater the importance of health to the smoker, the greater amount of dissonance is produced when he she smokes. To understand the alternatives open to an individual in a state of dissonance, we must first understand the factors that affect the magnitude of dissonance arousal. First, in its simplest form, dissonance increases as the degree of discrepancy among cognitions increases. Second, dissonance...

The Executive Branch of US Government

The Executive Branch of US Government The President of the United States is in charge of the executive branch of the United States federal government. The executive branch is empowered by the U.S. Constitution to oversee the implementation and enforcement of all laws passed by the legislative branch in the form of Congress. As one of the foundational elements of a strong central government as envisioned by America’s Founding Fathers, the executive branch dates to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Hoping to protect the liberties of individual citizens by preventing the government from abusing its power, the Framers crafted the first three articles of the Constitution to establish three separate branches of government: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The Role of the  President Article II, Section 1 of the Constitution states: â€Å"The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.†Ã‚   As the head of the executive branch, the President of the United States functions as the head of state representing U.S. foreign policy and as the Commander-in-Chief of all branches of the U.S. armed forces. The president appoints the heads of the federal agencies, including the Secretaries of the Cabinet agencies, as well as the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court. As part of the system of checks and balances, the president’s nominees for these positions require the approval of the Senate. The president also appoints, without the approval of the Senate, more than 300 people to high-level positions within the federal government. The president is elected every four years and chooses his vice president as a running mate. The president is the commander-in-chief of the U.S. Armed Forces and is essentially the leader of the country. As such, he must deliver a State of the Union address to Congress once each year; may recommend legislation to Congress; may convene Congress; has the power to appoint ambassadors to other nations; can appoint Supreme Court justices and other federal judges; and is expected, with his Cabinet and its agencies, to carry out and enforce the laws of the United States. The president may serve no more than two four year terms. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits any person from being elected president more than twice. The Role of the  Vice President The vice president, who also is a member of the Cabinet, serves as president in the event that the president is unable to do so for any reason or if the president steps down. The vice president also presides over the U.S. Senate and can cast a deciding vote in the event of a tie. Unlike the president, the vice president can serve an unlimited number of four-year terms, even under different presidents. The  Roles of the  Cabinet Agencies The members of the President’s Cabinet serve as advisors to the president. The cabinet members include the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive branch departments. With the exception of the vice president, cabinet members are nominated by the President and must be approved by the Senate. The President’s Cabinet departments are:   The Department of Agriculture, among other functions, ensures that the food Americans consume is safe and regulates the nations vast farming infrastructure.The Department of Commerce helps regulate trade, banking and the economy; among its agencies are the Census Bureau and the Patent and Trademark Office.The Department of Defense, which includes the U.S. Armed Forces, protects the nations security and is headquartered at the Pentagon.The Department of Education is responsible for ensuring equal access to a quality education for all.The Department of Energy keeps the U.S. plugged in, regulating utilities, ensuring the security of power supplies and promoting new technology to conserve energy resources.Health and Human Services help keep Americans healthy; its agencies include the Food and Drug Administration, the Centers for Disease Control, National Institutes of Health and the Administration on Aging.The Department of Homeland Security, established in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, is charged with preventing terrorist attacks in the U.S. and helping to fight the war on terror and includes the Immigration and Naturalization Service. Housing and Urban Development promotes affordable home-ownership and ensures that no one is discriminated against in the pursuit of that goal.Interior is dedicated to protecting and nurturing natural resources, national parks, and wildlife. Among its agencies are the Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs.Justice, led by the Attorney General, enforces the nations laws and includes, among other agencies, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).The Department of Labor enforces labor laws and keeps workers safety and rights protected.State is charged with diplomacy; its representatives reflect the United States as part of the world community.The Department of Transportation established the Interstate Highway System and keeps the U.S. transportation infrastructure safe and functioning.Treasury ensures the countrys financial and economic stability, manages federal finances and collects taxes . Veterans Affairs provides medical care for wounded or ill veterans and administers veterans benefits. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer and a former copy editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper.

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Final - Essay Example ral government and the particular states in which construction is to happen would apply to the firm that seeks to establish itself, albeit temporarily, in America. 3. a. Fair use cannot be a claim that is used to offset copyright infringement in this case. Mr. Likesdrawing may not have made any significant alterations to Mrs. Photolover’s photographs. Artistic freedom is thus, not a valid argument in this case which means that Mr. Likesdrawing would need to request permission from the original artist. b. Driving down competition in an economy invariably leads to discrepancies in the supply chain. Naturally reducing prices would face a halt, resulting in either stagnant or escalating prices. Laws have been instituted to prevent such practices that are anti-competitive. This means that cat food companies would have to take a different route. 1. The position of dominance that British Petroleum has in the market provides it with an immense advantage in relation to subsistence farmers. The kind of legal services that it would be able to procure, for instance, would be superior. This would then constitute an abuse of a dominant position by BP. This constitutes in placing one of the parties in a position of disadvantage, as stated in Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (Moussis

Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign Assignment

Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign - Assignment Example The primary target market of L’Oreal products is the females all over the world who wants to look good and beautiful. The company offers several product ranges and communicate the same message through all mediums. In reference to the analysis of the advertisements, recent advertisement campaign of the ‘Elvive’ staring Cheryl Cole. For this purpose different print advertisements along with the storyboard or screenshots of the television advertisements have been explored and investigated on the criteria of different consumer behaviour models and theories. ANALAYSIS OF THE ADVERTISEMENT OF L’OREAL: L’Oreal has been using the same method or technique of attracting customers through all their advertisements. Company has Most of the common methods used by the company for promoting their brands to the target market are: 1. celebrity endorsement 2. creating beauty appeal 3. communicating benefit 4. supporting this benefit with a scientific claim 5. iconograp hy Celebrity Endorsement: Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product (Neal, Quester, & Hawkins, 2004). Creating Beauty Appeal: Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a... This "Analysis of L'oreal advertisement campaign" essay outlines L'oreal's primary target market and its technique of attracting customers. Celebrity endorsement is used by the company in order to directly influence the purchase decision making process of the customers. It is a general perception that consumers tend to believe the message conveyed through some popular or famous personality. This technique is used by L’Oreal in order to effect the phase of evaluating different alternatives and making the final decision. Celebrity Endorsement is used by the company as a surrogate indicator. Surrogate indicator is one which is used by the consumers in order to analyse and interpret the level of quality of the product . Being a cosmetic company and dealing beauty related products, L’Oreal has always focused on creating a beauty appeal in all its advertisements. Advertisements of the company are based on the perception that the products offered by L’Oreal can make the person beautiful like the celebrity in the advertisement. In this way L’Oreal tries to cater to the social needs of the consumers including the need of belongingness. L’Oreal is aware of the fact that one of the most important elements of a successful advertisements is that it communicates the benefit to the target consumers. In this way the company is able to create positive perception in the mind of the consumers about the product being advertised. L’Oreal advertisements communicate the promises about the benefits and attributes which are important for the customers.

Styles of love Essay Example for Free

Styles of love Essay The styles of love depicted in this essay are friendship and selfless love. Two scenarios depicting each style of love are presented. Friendship John and Lynda met each other in the office when Lynda joined the company where John worked. Both of them are the silent type of persons, simple and intelligent. They did not mix with the loud people in the company but rather, they grouped with simple, happy and low profile people just like them. Their frienship grew into a love relationship as they got to know each other more including their personal family backgrounds. They have many similar interests, were always happy together and they got married. Selfless love Joel is second eldest in a family of eight children. He did not finish college and was frequently tasked to take care of his younger siblings when their mother was away. Belle, on the other hand, is an architect and being the youngest in a brood of six, was pampered in the family. In their married life, Joel was able to take the tantrums of Belle. He was patient and was the one who always gave in such that any argument between them did not result into a bigger fight. As years went by, Belle became more in love with her husband whose forbearance complemented her frequently volatile temper. Joel always understood Belle and placed her interests on top of his priorities. Similarities and differences between the two scenarios Both scenarios have what it takes to achieve consummate love. For as long as the characters in the stories are able to maintain the balance of intimacy, passion and commitment, then consummate love can successfully be maintained. In the first scenario, John and Lynda share similar interests and have the same attitude and personality. In the second scenario, Joel and Belle do not have the same attitude and personality owing to their different family backgrounds. Belle even has a higher educational achievement than her husband but they are compatible in terms of being able to complement each other’s physical and emotional needs. Styles of love that have been prevalent in my life Romantic love between my partner and me and friendship (storge, philia) within the family and with close friends are the styles of love that have been most prevalent in my life. Reference Rathus, S. A. , Nevid, J. S. , Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. Allyn and Bacon: copyright by Pearson Education, Inc.

The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations :: Essays Papers

The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations Once upon a time, there was a boy who was waiting at the bus stop. The boy was a cigarette user. The boy asked the man next to him for a cigarette, and the man replied, â€Å"I don’t smoke that crap, I smoke the 'doobie.' † The boy asked, â€Å"What’s the â€Å"doobie†?† The man then handed the boy a joint and told him to hit it. The boy hit the joint 5 straight times. He was feeling great! He then hopped on the bus and all of a sudden he realized he was not feeling right. He seemed to be moving in slow motion. He tried reading a book but he couldn’t concentrate on the words. He eventually arrived to school, walked into his first period class, and had to take a big history test. By the time the class ended, time was up for the test, and the boy had to turn in the test incomplete. He had only answered nine of twenty-five questions. The moral of the story is people need to become more educated about marijuana. Marijuana has many different effects on its users, most of which are negative. The majority of the negative effects are directed to the brain. In the book, Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning, Nadia Solowij said, â€Å"The subjective effects of cannabis (marijuana) might be expected to decrease performance in situations where both perceptual accuracy and attention are important† (31). This decreased performance is a result of poor decision making. Marijuana not only has bad effects on the brain, but it also affects the mouth and the lungs. According to Alison Mack and Janet Joy, several reports have suggested that marijuana smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of developing cancers in tissue that come into contact with smoke, such as the lungs, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus (42). It is obvious that the effects of marijuana are lethal, and are not to be ignored. Marijuana can be deadly, and it is essential for the public to know that it is deadly, in order to prevent people from using the drug. Marijuana has both short-term effects and long-term effects; however, there are many more short-term effects than long-term effects. The primary short term effect marijuana has on the brain is memory loss. The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations :: Essays Papers The Plant Guilty of Countless Tribulations Once upon a time, there was a boy who was waiting at the bus stop. The boy was a cigarette user. The boy asked the man next to him for a cigarette, and the man replied, â€Å"I don’t smoke that crap, I smoke the 'doobie.' † The boy asked, â€Å"What’s the â€Å"doobie†?† The man then handed the boy a joint and told him to hit it. The boy hit the joint 5 straight times. He was feeling great! He then hopped on the bus and all of a sudden he realized he was not feeling right. He seemed to be moving in slow motion. He tried reading a book but he couldn’t concentrate on the words. He eventually arrived to school, walked into his first period class, and had to take a big history test. By the time the class ended, time was up for the test, and the boy had to turn in the test incomplete. He had only answered nine of twenty-five questions. The moral of the story is people need to become more educated about marijuana. Marijuana has many different effects on its users, most of which are negative. The majority of the negative effects are directed to the brain. In the book, Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning, Nadia Solowij said, â€Å"The subjective effects of cannabis (marijuana) might be expected to decrease performance in situations where both perceptual accuracy and attention are important† (31). This decreased performance is a result of poor decision making. Marijuana not only has bad effects on the brain, but it also affects the mouth and the lungs. According to Alison Mack and Janet Joy, several reports have suggested that marijuana smokers are at greater risk than nonsmokers of developing cancers in tissue that come into contact with smoke, such as the lungs, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus (42). It is obvious that the effects of marijuana are lethal, and are not to be ignored. Marijuana can be deadly, and it is essential for the public to know that it is deadly, in order to prevent people from using the drug. Marijuana has both short-term effects and long-term effects; however, there are many more short-term effects than long-term effects. The primary short term effect marijuana has on the brain is memory loss.

American Indian Conjuring

Conjuring is said to be the second-oldest profession in the world, and may well be the oldest of the theatrical arts. It was the carefully guarded weapon of the priesthood used to establish a belief in supernatural powers among an uninformed public (Randi, 1992, p. XI). The dictionary defines a conjuror as â€Å"a person who practices legerdemain [sleight of hand]; jugglerâ€Å". (Webster’s College Dictionary, 1992, p. 281). Another source defines conjuring as the art of â€Å"producing the appearance of genuine magic by means of trickery and deception† (Randi, 1992, p. XI). Anyone who attended Sunday school as a child can recall the biblical account of Aaron’s battle with two sorcerers in Pharos’s court. In the story, each of the magi cast down rods that became snakes. The secret to the trick was the snakes had been drugged or hypnotized which made them look like sticks, then became mobile when stroked by the conjurors (Randi, 1992, p. 1). Eunios, a Syrian, stopped a rebellion of Sicilian slaves about 135 B. C. with his awe provoking fire breathing. He claimed a Syrian goddess had made him immune to fire. Florus, the chronicler, had other ideas. He insisted that Eunios had the fiery substance secreted in nut shells in his mouth (Christopher, 1962, p. 6). In 1865 Robert Houdin, a French magician and clock maker, prevented a rebellion in Algeria with legerdemain. The French government asked the magician to discredit the Marabouts, an Arab religious faction who were using magic to incite a rebellion. He proved his illusions were more powerful than the magic of the Marabouts, thus stopping talk of rebellion (Magic History n. d. ). The line between natural and supernatural is often poorly drawn. Among the American Indian people, sleight of hand feats, simple tricks, and snake charming were invested with mystical significance during tribal rites. Witch doctors and medicine men used the devices of entertainers to increase their reputation and influence (Christopher, 1962, p. 6). In this work, I will investigate the various means American Indian shamans employed to deceive the people into thinking they had supernatural powers. I will then expose their methods of prestidigitation and conclude with an examination of the loss of the art. Though American Indian hamans for centuries had often matched and surpassed the far more widely known fakirs of Calcutta and Bombay, few stories about their skill appeared in either the national or the international press, and this for a very sound reason: The Asian conjurers, lauded by travelers, performed in public for the money the could collect from their roadside shows. The American Indian’s magic was reserved for their tribe; few whit e men had an opportunity to study it. If a rare outsider tumbled on to a secret, he was swiftly inducted as blood brother and sworn to secrecy (Christopher, 1973, p. 69). American Indian shamans were at their best in the open air under the night sky. When tom-toms beat and campfires cast flickering shadows, their strange feats were awe-inspiring to fellow tribesmen as the occasional flashes of lightning that streaked across the sky. The Navajo, like their counterparts in India, made snakes appear under inverted baskets. Pawnee, Hopi, and Zuni shamans made corn and beanstalks grow (mango trees were not available) during harvest rites. The feat in which a Hindu conjurer‘s assistant vanished and reappeared in a large basket was also done by the Apaches. Swords were jabbed through the sides to prove that no one was inside in Asia; the Apaches had a more effective argument; they shot arrows through the fibers (Christopher, 1973, p. 69). In 1871, John Wesley Powell, a geologist and representative of the United States Bureau of Ethnology saw an exhibition of the skill of Cramped Hand and Bent Horn, two Ponca shamans. â€Å"One afternoon, near sunset, about two hundred persons, mostly Indians, stood in a large circle around a tent in which sat the shamans and their assistants. Presently the shamans and the aged chief, Antoine Primeau, came out of the tent and stood within the circle. One of the shamans, Cramped Hand, danced along the inner side of the circle, exhibiting a revolver (Allen’s patent), one chamber of which he seemed to load as the people looked on. After he had put on the cap, he handed the weapon to the chief, who fired at the shaman. Cramped Hand fell immediately, as if badly wounded. Bent Horn rushed to his relief and began to manipulate him. It was not to long before Cramped Hand was able to crawl around on his hands and knees, though the bullet had apparently hit him in the mouth. He groaned and coughed up incessantly, and after a tin basin was put down before him he coughed up a bullet which fell in the basin, and was shown in triumph to the crowd† (Powell, 1894, p. 417). The demonstration was breathtaking, but impractical in battle. This was traditionally done with a real gun and a gaffed round, the bullet having been replaced with a wax casting. The explosion of the charge and propulsion of the fake bullet through the air effectively vaporized the wax within a short distance. The wax bullet can be made to look like lead by coating it with a black substance (Bagai, n. d. ). Cramped Hand had only to secret an identical bullet in his mouth during the falling action, the rest was acting. Much of what we know about the magic practiced by the first Americans comes from missionaries who worked among the Indians in the years when the New World was being colonized by Europeans. French priests reported from Canada in 1613 that the medicine men of the Algonquin tribes were the most formidable opponents they faced in trying to convert the Indians. Twenty years later Gabriel Sagard-Theodat, a Recollect missionary, weary of the daily conflict with people whose customs he did not understand, called the Nipissing redmen â€Å"a nation of sorcerers† (Christopher, 1973, p. 70) There is a fascinating description of a trick by Fray Bernardio de Sahagu in his Historia de las Cosa de la Nueva Espana: â€Å"Seating himself in the middle of the market place at Tianquiztli, he announced that his name was Tlacavepan, and proceeded to make tiny figures dance in the palms of his hands. † No one who witnessed the trick could offer a solution. There is however a simple explanation: the small figures were manipulated by strands of long hair (like modern magicians invisible thread) tied together and attached to the conjurers feet. All he had to do was wiggle his toe and the figures came to life (Gosh, 2006, p. 21). Legends say that the early medicine men could bring miniature images of buffalo and warriors on horseback to life. They worked by the flickering light of a fire at the far side of the tent with observers grouped in a semicircle. At the command of the magician, the clay figures were supposed to have changed to flesh and blood. Then the miniature Indians corralled the buffalo and hurled their spears and shot their arrows with deadly accuracy until the last animal fell with an arrow through its heart. When the drama ended, the figures reverted to clay and were tossed into the fire. Seldom has a puppet show received such praise. Whoever started the story must have imbibed too freely before attending the performance (Christopher, 1973, p. 75). Shamans of the tribes who lived along the St. Lawrence River boasted they could summon the rains or stop storms. They claimed their rites could render fields barren or produce bountiful crops ( Christopher, 1973, p. 0) The Franciscan friar, Louis Hennepin said of the shamans: It is impossible to imagine the horrible howling and strange contortions that these jugglers make of their bodies, when they are deposing themselves to conjure, or raise their enchantments† (Hennepin, 1869, p. 59). Paul Beaulieu, an interpreter for the Ojibwa at White Earth Agency, Minnesota ( First settlement by white people, n. d. ), heard tales of Indian escape artists around the 1850’s. At Leech Lake, Minnesota he witnessed an Indian shaman clad in a breechcloth tied by a committee of twelve men. The shaman’s ankles, wrists and hands were bound; his tied hands were forced down so that his knees extended up above them. A heavy pole was thrust over his arms and under his knees; then his neck was tied to the knees and he was carried into a tent. The structure was built on poles, interlaced with twigs, and covered with strips of birch and canvas (Christopher, 1973, p. 74). The flap had scarcely been closed when strange words and thumping sounds came from within. The tent swayed violently as the sounds increased in volume. When the disturbance ceased, the Indian shouted that the rope could now be found in a nearby house. Cautioning the committee to keep a sharp watch on the tent, Beaulieu sprinted to the house. The rope was there, still knotted. He hurried back, let the other men examine the knots, and then called to ask if he could enter. Permission was granted and he found the Indian seated comfortably, puffing on a pipe (Christopher, 1973, p. 74). No explanation was offered for the astonishing feat. There is however, a way it could have been done, a method so obvious that Beaulieu and the committee would have overlooked it: a secret tunnel with cleverly concealed trapdoors at each end. An assistant concealed in a passage under the tent untied the medicine man, squirmed through the tunnel, retied the ropes, then dashed to the house where the shaman had decided they should be found (Christopher, 1973, p. 77). Alexander Phillip Maximillian, who traveled in the west in the mid 1800’s, wrote of some amazing things accomplished with ordinary objects by Hidatsa and Mandan shamans. â€Å"The medicine of one man consists in making a snowball, which he rolls a long time between his hands, so that at length it becomes hard and is changed into a white stone, which when struck emits sparks. Many persons, even whites, pretend that they have seen this and cannot be convinced to the contrary. The same man pretends that during a dance he plucked white feathers from a certain small bird, which he rolled between his hands, and formed of them in a short time a similar white stoneâ€Å"(Powell, 1894, p. 512). The performance of the bullet catch with Bent Horn and Cramped Hand was also followed by a demonstration of sleight of hand. â€Å"Bent Horn danced around, showing an object which appeared to be a stone as large as a man’s fist, and to large to be forced into the mouth of the average man. Cramped Hand stood about ten or fifteen feet away and threw this supposed stone toward Bent Horn, hitting the latter in the mouth and disappearing. Bent Horn fell and appeared in great pain, groaning and foaming at the mouth. When the basin was put down before him, there fell into it, not one large stone, but at least four small ones† (Powell, 1894 p. 417). A proficient modern sleight of hand artist can change the color of billiard balls and manipulate coins and playing cards on stage with utmost ease, and can do the same with small stones and leaves from trees out in the open. It is not at all hard to see (through practice) how the shamans could manipulate a snowball, feathers or rocks and make them appear as something they really are not. Dr. Franz Boas, an anthropologist at Columbia University (Franz, n. d. ) witnessed a burning alive illusion in northwest Canada. A young Indian girl was nailed inside a large wooden box that was burned in the center of a spacious medicine hut. As the smell of burning flesh permeated the structure, she could be heard singing. Eventually box and girl were consumed, only bones remaining among the ashes of the fire. The keys to this mystery according to Dr. Boaz were a secret tunnel, a long speaking tube, and a dead seal. The girl slipped through a panel that could be lifted in the bottom of the box, crawled through the tunnel to the out side of the lodge, and began her song, which filtered back inside via the tube. Meanwhile, a helper pushed the carcass of a seal through the tunnel and into the box. The charred bones, of course, were those of the seal (Christopher, 1973, p. 77). Complicated advance arrangements and trained assistants were not needed for the oldest and most frequently performed American Indian mystery, the shaking tent. Shaking tent conjuring was always done after sunset with the conjuring lodge put up an hour or so earlier and was taken down before sunrise the next day. The lodge was a small, often conical structure made of hoops and branch poles sunk into the ground covered with animal skins, blankets or cut spruce boughs (Christopher, 1973, p. 77 & 80). Often times the shaman was bound tightly hand and foot and also gagged. Once the tent flap was let down strange things began to occur: the ropes that bound the conjurer were thrown out of the top of the lodge. The tent would shake violently and a succession of strange voices would be heard, supposedly those of animal spirits. Beavers and turtles were among the most common, conversing with the shaman and occasionally with the audience (Beyer, 2009). Many shamans produced the voice of only one animal; others boasted a wider repertoire. The more animals a conjurer had at his command, the more he was honored (Christopher, 1973 p. 80). All of the feats described in the shaking tent can be accounted for. Why was the performance always done after dark? For much the same reason modern magicians use a darkened stage and smoke, to conceal the secret means of accomplishing the miracle. Why was the conjuring lodge put up an hour or so before the performance and taken down before sunrise? The answer is quite obvious: so the general uninformed tribesmen could not inspect the structure and find the secret. As for escaping out of the ropes that bound the shaman, it was a common escape trick. A famous duo called the Davenport Brothers had an act around the same time where they were bound securely in a cabinet which resembled an old-fashioned wardrobe. Suddenly they produced music on guitars and bells and caused ethereal hands and strange shapes to appear. The Davenports were exposed many times, not only by magicians but by scientists and college students. The latter ignited matches in the dark. The flickering flames disclosed the brothers, with their arms free, waving the instruments which until then had seemed to be floating (Christopher, 1962, p. 99). The shamans needed to be in top physical condition (like Houdini) to carry out the first-class performances they presented. The tent is scarcely ever still and at the same time singing, talking and ventriloquism occur (Howell, 1971, p. 50 & 82). While all American Indian conjurers do certain standard things like shaking the tent which, under contemporary conditions, may become the subject of a limited amount of skepticism, some conjurers apparently invent or acquire new tricks. The Saulteaux readily admit that certain individuals have either shaken the conjuring tent, or tried to shake it, with their own hands (Howell, 1971, p. 70 & 80). As it happens, the enclosures used by the tent shakers were not actually as rigid as they seemed. The anthropologist Dr. A. Irving Hallowell emphasized in The Role of Conjuring in Saulteaux Society that â€Å"All I can say personally is that Berens River conjuring lodges were extremely easy to set in motion. They readily responded to the slightest pressure from without, as I can testify. †(Howell, 1971, p. 83) The American Indian conjurers, who reportedly created marvelous wonders, were never willing to travel themselves and exhibit their feats for theater audiences. However, the proprietors of medicine shows, who sold tribal cure-alls to small town audiences in the late nineteenth century, always claimed the man in the war bonnet who displayed the bottles was a celebrated Indian medicine man. Shungo-pavi was billed as a Moki medicine man that performed magic at the Cliff Dwellers exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904 later played in vaudeville. He wore beaded buckskins, moccasins, and a feathered headdress, but the tricks he performed were not of Indian origin. A bottle and a glass changed places when covered by two tubes; a silk handkerchief vanished; only to reappear tied between two others. He waved an eagle feather instead of a wand when he pronounced his magic words. Occasionally one still hears of a traditional feat being shown at an Indian tribal ritual in the Southwest or a shaking tent in northern Michigan or Canada, but the day of a burned alive illusion in the dark night or of a shaman changing a snowball into a rock in the open air has long past (Christopher, 1973, p. 81).

Book fair Essay

A book fair is a fair for selling and displaying books on various subjects. A book fair is usually arranged on the important days of a year. As 21st February is our Mother Language Day, the book fair named â€Å"Ekushey Boi Mela† is held in Bangla Academy on February is the most important and popular book fair of our country. The book fair of 21st February takes place in Bangla Academy under open sky. There are many stalls and pavilions in the fair of different publishers. In  a book fair huge numbers of books are found. Almost all the writers of our country wait for this fair to release their books. Thousands of books release in this book fair of 21st February and millions of books get published. Many new writers write books and publish them in this fair. Thousand of book lovers come to visit the fair and buy books. The security of the fair is always very tight for the safety of the visitor including close circuit cameras and many police officers. People stand in long lines to enter  the fair. All sorts of books such as books on literature, fictions, novels, dramas, science, medicine, religion, philosophy and so on are brought for display and sell in the fair. Besides bookstalls there are a number of canteens found in the book fair. There are also arrangements for songs and dance to entertain the visitors of the fair. Writers, poets and publishers visit the fair regularly. They speak with the visitors, listen to the problems they are having in the fair and sign  books for them. Book is the source of knowledge. A book fair is a place where we can get thousand of types of books. There are a few problems in a book fair like too much dust, pollution, lack of rules and regulations and sometimes some unpleasant incidents take for the evil motive of the miscreants. So, the complete interest for the fair is often marred. Despite these little untoward events a book fair is really important for the enlightened section of people.

Pineapples as commodities essays

Pineapples as commodities essays Pineapples are a very important commodity that grows mostly in tropical climates. They are altered into many different things, from canned pineapple to pineapple juice, and it is a very profitable market. Even the enzyme found in pineapples, bromelain, is extracted and used for many different purposes. Pineapples are terrestrial plants that on average grow to be 2.5ft high to 5 feet high. The spread of the plant is about 4 feet, and they usually have leaves branching off of the stem that are pointed and range from 20-72 inches high, bearing spikes or some type of sharp piece at the end. During the blooming period of the plant, the stem elongates and produces a head of small red or purple flowers. These flowers are usually accompanied by a red, yellow, or green bract (bract: a leaf from the axil of which a flower or floral axis arises [Webster]). The pineapple plant then keeps on growing and forms the pineapple fruits, which join together and form the traditional pineapple shape. (Morton, 18) Pineapple cannot tolerate frost or prolonged cold exposure; hence it must be cultivated in the near costal areas around warmer climate and lower elevation. (Vaughan The pineapple plants fruit that it produces is a very juicy and fibrous fruit. It takes about a year and a half for the fruit to be produced by the pineapple plant. (Abernathy) The outer rind of the pineapple is very tough and waxy, in order to protect the nutrient plentiful and caloric insides of the fruit. The bombproof coating on the pineapple is usually hexagonally shaped, and often dark in color. The color ranges from a dark green/brownish color to a yellow or reddish color in certain types when fully ripened. The inner flesh is most often yellow or white. When ripe the pineapple will sound hollow when knocked upon, and also when freshly picked it is advised to let the fruit sit out for about a week, so it dries out properly. ...

Quotes About the Joys of Winter

Quotes About the Joys of Winter Come winter and the world is covered with a white sheet of snow. Kids welcome winter by catching the first few snowflakes in their mouth. For adults, winter brings a slew of festivities like skiing, snowboarding, sled dog racing, and many others. And then there is Christmas. Christmas on a wintry December night brings families closer as they cozy up around a warm hearth. Revel in the joys of winter while you sip your ale and read these winter quotes. Pietro AretinoLet us love winter, for it is the spring of genius. George HerbertEvery mile is two in winter. Mignon McLaughlinSpring, summer, and fall fill us with hope; winter alone reminds us of the human condition. William BlakeIn seed time learn, in harvest teach, in winter enjoy. Edith SitwellWinter is the time for comfort, for good food and warmth, for the touch of a friendly hand and for a talk beside the fire: it is the time for home. Victor HugoWinter is on my head, but eternal spring is in my heart. William BradfordAnd for the season it was winter, and they that know the winters of that country know them to be sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms. Boris PasternakIt snowed and snowed, the whole world over, Snow swept the world from end to end. A candle burned on the table; A candle burned. Virginia WoolfNever are voices so beautiful as on a winters evening, when dusk almost hides the body, and they seem to issue from nothingness with a note of intimacy seldom heard by day. Charles DickensLooking up, she showed him quite a young face, but one whose bloom and promise were all swept away as if the haggard winter should unnaturally kill the spring. Elizabeth BowenAutumn arrives in early morning, but spring at the close of a winter day. HeraclitusGod is day and night, winter and summer, war and peace, surfeit and hunger. Albert CamusIn the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was in me an invincible summer. Robert FrostYou cant get too much winter in the winter. Sinclair LewisWinter is not a season, it’s an occupation.

Project guide 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project guide 4 - Essay Example In simple words it is the sum of all the expenditure that the company has to undergo in a particular financial year. Staff Costs Represents wages paid to employees and officers of the company. One effective way of controlling fluctuating staffing costs is to choose mature service providers who operate in multiple locations and have the capability of putting together an appropriate blend of experienced and entry level resources. 5 hours in the evening from 7 p.m. to 12 p.m. and 3 hours is in afternoon 12 a.m. to 3 p.m. In the evening of any weekend, the restaurant is most of the times completely packed for four hours and is occupied by around 25 people in the last hour. On an average a group spend around 1 hour on dinner. The bill generated is approx. 10$ per person at any given point in time. In the afternoon of the weekends generally 25 people can be seen in any particular hour. For the normal days the occupancy is around 25 people in the evening at any point in time and around 10 people in the afternoon. So the estimated revenue in FY08-09 is:- Each price will lead to a different level of demand and therefore have a different impact on a company’s marketing objectives. Demand and price are inversely related: higher the price, lower the demand. On an average ‘The Diners Park’ employees around 20 employees in a month and the salary cost of all employees is around 20,000$ every month. The cost of raw material is around 9000$ per month and the water and electricity bill cost around 2000$ per month. Apart from this, the miscellaneous cost is around 1000$ per month. The cost capital employed for the project is around 2000,000 USD. Taking the rate of interest to be around 6% per annum, the interest cost is around 120,000$ per annum. At Diners Park, we added more drivers to increase the speed of delivery. Even more importantly, we have introduced specially insulated, heat retaining,

Self-Identity Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-Identity Writing - Essay Example At California State University, am majoring in civil engineering. Initially, I came to the University and enrolled in a business course seeking to follow in my family’s footsteps. However, business studies proved to be a major challenge to me as it never reflected on my desires and ambitions. My entire family majored in business, and everyone expected me to follow in line. When discussing my career path with my family, I never considered mentioning engineering in a family where business studies had made everyone whom they are. Being a female in a country where men are considered to be the sole sources of authority I never wanted to get into an argument with my parents as this would have elicited social and cultural consequences. To avoid this trouble I came to the United States and enrolled as a major in business. However, my desire and passion for engineering was driven by the love for science. Additionlly, it was inspired by the boundless infrastructural structures in the United States and other parts of the world. Opting to major in engineering was a personal choice though. Initially, I was afraid to address the issue with my parents until my new friends in the United States convinced me to do so. After discussing the issue with my parents, they were more than supporting and they supportive as they encouraged me to seek my dreams and pursue what my heart desired. My educational goals go past the bachelor’s degree. Currently, the society is becoming increasingly competitive, and education is no longer an option one should miss. In Saudi Arabia, not many women have become successful in a society that favors males to women when it comes to professional success.

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Principles of Economics - Essay Example Practically, it is very hard to model actions since there are so many distinct variables. The problem of alcohol abuse is not easily overcome because alcohol is highly addictive. In this case, if the alcohol abuser is an economist, he or she will consider many things that he or she would use to help him or her overcome the situation. They will look at the opportunity cost whereby they will consider buying those goods that are best for their health other than alcohol (Mantzavinos, 2001). Additionally, they will use cost benefit analysis by viewing the benefits accrued from stopping the habit of alcohol consumption which in this case out weight the disadvantages for example, wastage of money in purchasing alcohol (O'sullivan et al, 2011). More so, they will consider rational behavior by assuming which actions are necessary when they stop consuming alcohol. Lastly, an economist would look at the market forces of demand and supply of alcohol in that they will analyze the level at which a lcohol is supplied to the market and the price that alcohol come with. When the supply is not sufficient, they would prefer to stop drinking alcohol rather than continuing with the habit of looking for a commodity that is scarce and costly. More so, they will consider the level at which alcohol is demanded; therefore, they will analyze the possible outcomes of many people drinking alcohol. The possible way to help alcohol abuser is to assist them to realize that they have alcohol consumption problem. Friends and family members can help make the abuser realize that drinking is affecting them by being specific in their discussion. In this manner, the abuser may be willing to look for assistance when they are faced with the harm their alcohol consumption causes to others. With the help of friends and family members, the abuser is likely to overcome the problem of alcohol drinking. Other groups such as Alcoholic anonymous help the abusers by giving the patients the chance to assist each other to avoid alcohol consumption. 2. Analyze how prescription drugs affect the demand and supply of other products and services in this country. Prescription drugs have direct inclination to the trends of supply and demand of goods and services in a particular state (Porter, 1998). The sectors that are most likely to be affected include; the beneficiaries which in this case are the patients, private insurers and to the extreme public policies. These effects are generally predisposed and become inevitable because of the rise in costs of these prescription drugs. Rise in costs of prescribed drugs connotes that the beneficiaries have to go an extra mile to settle their health bills. This may include outsourcing finances that were initially allocated for a different purpose. Cutting down allocations from a different sector in order to fill the health gap translates to low purchasing power from the deprived sectors. 3. Formulate a reason why the elasticity of demand is an important co nsideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in supply and why the elasticity of supply is an important consideration when analyzing the impact of a shift in demand. Include at least one (1) example in each scenario. Price elasticity of demand attempts to measure how price change affects the quantity demanded by the prevailing market condition. The formulae for determining the price elasticity is as shown below. Price elasticity (PEoD) = (percentage change in Quantity demanded)/ (percentage chang

Wisconsin Fast Plants Brassica Rapa

Wisconsin Fast Plants Brassica Rapa In Module 1, we used plant genetics of the Wisconsin Fast Plants, Brassica rapa to study transmission genetics. Brassica rapa was used since it is a model organism. A model organism possesses life cycles and characteristics that make them exceptionally suitable for transmission genetic study, including a short generation time, manageable numbers of progeny, adaptability to a laboratory environment, and the ability to be housed and propagated inexpensively (Pierce, 6). Brassica rapa possesses all of the necessary qualities to be a particularly good candidate for our experiment. Brassica rapa yields seeds from the moment it is a seed in about 34 days (Lauffer, 18). The relatively short life cycle and other model organism traits make Brassica rapa relatively easy to manage in a classroom setting. However, there are setbacks in using Brassica rapa, including parthenogenesis where there is a production of viable seeds without a male parent to contribute pollen. This serves as a possible p roblem in analyzing the offspring because the progeny will have characteristics identical to the female parent. However, with a short life cycle, manageable progeny, and adaptability to laboratory conditions, Brassica rapa serves as a good model organism to study transmission genetics. By examining the phenotypes of Brassica rapa to determine the possible genotypes of the plants, Gregor Mendels basic principles of heredity of transmission of genetics from parent to offspring are being studied. Mendels observations in his experiments involving pea plants revealed that the phenotypes of the plants may be used to predict the geneotypes of the plants. Mendel only used absolute characteristics in examining the plants of interest such as color, size and shape instead of quantitative characteristics. This makes the determination of the genotype straightforward, consistent and objective. However, the genotype does not solely determine the phenotype of the plant. A given phenotype arises from a genotype that develops within particular environment (Pierce, 46). The genotype determines the boundaries for development but how the phenotype develops is also determined by other genes and environmental factors. Several genotypes with the known phenotypes of interest of Brassica rapa are known. The stems of Brassica rapa may be purple or non-purple. The purple color results from the pigment anthocyanin and is a controlled by the dominant allele, ANL. Anthocyaninless mutants of Brassica rapa fail to produce anthocyanin pigments (Burdzinski, 1). The anthocyaninless plants therefore have non-purple stems and are controlled by the recessive allele, anl. The anthocynanin pigment is extremely important in plants because the presence of anthocyanins that provide the colour palette for the breeder (Delpech, 207). The colors produced by the pigment guides the pollinator to the source of the pollen to ensure the process of pollination. In addition to the color of the stem, the trichomes on the plants are another characteristic controlled by genes. The presence of hair is most notably present on the upper portion of the stem and on the leaves. The characteristic for hair is controlled by the dominant a llele, HIR while the characteristic for being hairless is controlled by the recessive allele, hir. Another characteristic used to study the genetics of fast plants is the color of the leaves. When the leaves appear dark green, it is a result of the plant producing a significant amount of chlorophyll. The plants with dark green leaves are controlled by the dominant allele, YGR. On the other hand, plants with yellow-green leaves produce less chlorophyll and are controlled by a recessive allele, ygr. The final trait used to determine the possible genotypes of the fast plant is stem height. When a plant produces four to ten times less of gibberellic acid than a standard plant, the stems of the plant does not elongate as much and the plant appears dwarf. The plants with gibberellic acid deficiency are thus short and are called Rosette-Dwarf. The dwarf characteristic is controlled by the recessive allele, ros. On the other hand, plants that produce up to twelve times more gibberellic acid than the standard plants have stems that elongate more than usual. The tall stems are controlled by a recessive allele, ein. When a plant produces the average mount of gibberelic acid, it is average in height. With these known phenotypes and genotypes, it is possible to predict the genotypes of plants by examining their observed characteristics. Since the phenotype of plants are affected by both genetic and environmental factors, it is important to house the plants with sufficient light and water. The timing of seed germination is highly sensitive to several aspects of the seed maturation environment, including water availability, soil nutrients, photoperiod, temperature and light quality (Dechaine, 1297). Therefore, it is important to keep the plants hydrated during flowering, fertilization and seed development so that the plants can yield high levels of seeds. It is also important to provide sufficient water and light to the seeds for successful germination. Effective fertilization and germination of the plants are necessary in determining the genotypes of the parents. Without the observable phenotypes of the progeny, the genotypes of the parents would remain unknown. By analyzing the phenotypes of the parent Brassica rapa plants along with their given corresponding genotypes, cross-breeding the plants would yield progeny with observable characteristics that will determine the genotype of the parents. If the cross-breeding is carried out successfully with negligible parthenogenesis, the unknown genotypes of the parent plants can be known after the crosses. Materials and Methods Materials A group of seven Wisconsin Fast plants were assigned to the group for identifying phenotypes and possible genotypes. A set of four pots, each pot with two plants, labeled as red were assigned to the group for the cross. Stakes and metal wires were used to secure plants in place. Pollination bags and chenille rods were used in the pollination process. Filter papers and petri dishes were used to germinate the seeds. Throughout the entire process, white light and water was used. Methods We obtained a group of seven Wisconsin Fast plants. The plant labeled as #1 was told to be the wild type stock or Standard that was used to which the other plants were compared. The height of the Standard plant was measured and the shape and color of the leaves and stems were observed and noted. In addition, the trichomes, or hairs on the leaves and stems were also observed and recorded. We then observed and recorded the observable traits seen in the remaining six plants relative to the Standard. After recording the observations of the phenotypes of all seven plants, we referenced the genetic stock description list in the manual of Module 1 to assign a name to each Wisconsin Fast Plant. The genetic stock description list includes a description of whether the observed phenotype is the result dominant or recessive alleles. Based on the given information, we were able to determine to possible genotypes of the Wisconsin Fast plants. A set of four pots color coded as red was assigned to the group. Each pot had two plants: one with either recessive or dominant genotype and one with unknown genotype. We placed a stake next to each plant and gently looped the attached metal wire around each plant to secure it in place. A pollination bag was then gently placed over each pot. The pots were placed into a large tray and placed under white light. The trays were filled with 1-2 inches of water twice a week. After several class periods, the plants had flowers. We pollinated the plants using a chenille rod by gently touching the anthers of one flower on Plant 1 with the tip of the rod to collect the pollen grain and delivered the pollen grain to the stigma of a flower on Plant 2 in the same pot. Similarly, we gently touched the anthers of one flower on Plant 2 with the tip of the rod to collect the pollen grain and delivered the pollen grain to the stigma of a flower on Plant 1 in the same pot. We repeated the process for the other three plant pots. The pots were returned to the large tray and were continued to be watered twice a week. Approximately twenty days after pollination, we stopped watering the plants and they were allowed to try for about five days under white light. Then, the seeds were collected by rolling the dry pods between the hands. The collected seeds were placed in a petri dish with a moist piece of filter paper. The petri dish was constantly kept under white light for one week and watered twice a day so that the filter paper remained moist. After one week, the seeds had germinated and the seedlings phenotypes were observed and recorded.

Franklin Roosevelt: Man of the Year :: History

Franklin Roosevelt: Man of the Year Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." When the nation was at it’s worst, Roosevelt was at his best. In his first 100 days in office, Roosevelt pushed through many new programs in order to help fix the problems of the depression. One of these programs being the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), which was established to create dams on the Tennessee River providing desperately needed jobs and hydroelectric power to the surrounding area. Roosevelt established many more programs with many different intentions. Some of these programs like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act), which was created to raise farm produce prices. This particular program paid farmers to leave land unseeded and to slaughter livestock, which in turn raised the prices by decreasing the supply and increasing the demand. There were more of these programs like the CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), which helped establish work. This particular program employed many young Americans by providing jobs such as planting trees, creating parks, and making roads. These programs were often considered as â€Å"make work programs† by the public. The public often did not think that jobs such as the planting of trees were significantly important. Roosevelt on the other hand knew that by planting trees he’d help bring the dust bowl to an end and ensure that it would never happen again. Roosevelt also helped reinstate the nation’s faith in our banking system as well. He created a banking holiday to shut down all of the banks and only re-open those that were stable enough to conduct business. He also created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), to insure bank accounts up to $5,000 and to ensure that a great depression would never again be a concern for Americans. After Hitler took power in Germany. Roosevelt asked to increase the amount of money spent on national defense. This created the only peacetime draft that was known to this point. Many Americans went to train with the U.S. army. The United States under Roosevelt was quickly preparing for a new war, which seemed close at hand. After the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan, Roosevelt asked congress for a declaration of war.

An Examination of Racism in the Deep South of America Essay

An Examination of Racism in the Deep South of America From the1930’s to the 1960’s through a variety of texts. â€Å"Race: a group of persons having a common ancestor†¦ family, kindred people, genus, species, breed, variety, or class of persons†¦ † That is what the dictionary says, so why so much hatred, politics and fuss The Anglo – American slave trade, started in the 16th century when the first Hispanic people settled in Mexico and the Caribbean. From there, the other Europeans who migrated took black Africans to work on their cotton and tobacco plantations. This started the very wealthy â€Å"Slave Triangle† in which many Captains sought profit. The ships would sail empty from England, Spain, France or Portugal to the African countries to catch slaves. After filling their holds with human cargo they would set sail for the Caribbean. Once there, the Captains sold the slaves to the dealers in return for cotton or tobacco, which they would sell for a large profit back at home. These slaves were then the full property of their masters and he or she could do anything they liked to them and treat them in anyway they wanted to. One example of this is an advertisement in the ‘Royal Gazette (Kingston Jamaica)’ saying; â€Å"Runaway, about 15 months ago a Negro man of the Mungola country named Jamaica†¦ also about two months ago, two Negro men named James and Sambo†¦ a reward of i 10 for Jamaica and a Half Joe each for James and Sambo†¦ Also stolen or strayed†¦ a Bright Bay Northward HORSE†¦ also a small JACK ASS†¦ a reward of a pistole will be given for each†¦ † This shows that their masters treated the slaves with about as much respect and sense of belonging as a horse or donkey. Such disregard upset many Americans and so some spoke out against it. In 1861, because they would not agree to abolish slavery, the Southern States left the Union of American States. This created even more outcry until Abraham Lincoln , the then President of America declared war on the Southern States. The American Civil War was fought between 1861 and 1865. It destroyed most of the agricultural land in the South and drained it of its wealth. After the Civil War the United States of America was formed. During the next 5 – 10 years the Northerners set in place a number of laws giving back human and civil rights to the black people. Initially this idea worked, but due to the hostility of the Southern confederacy these changes eventually failed. The â€Å"Yankees† that is the Northern Army and Governors called the changes they made â€Å"reconstruction†, but after they left, using a number of loopholes in the Law, the Southern Governors set in place many new rules. These were called the Jim Crow Laws and they â€Å"segregated† the black former slaves from the white people completely, thereby undoing all the good work done by the Northerners. The following time of white supremacy was called â€Å"redemption† This time of â€Å"redemption† and â€Å"segregation† was a hard time for the blacks; 1) Their voting rights were taken away 2) The money for black schools was diverted to white education. 3) There were separate buses for coloured and white people, or no bus at all. An example of this is given in the Novel Roll of Thunder where the Logan children have to dive into a ditch up to their chests, or in the case of ‘Little Man’- swim, to avoid the oncoming Jefferson Davies school bus and its ruthless driver. It was around this time when the Depression hit America. The South was hit especially hard and the price of cotton fell dramatically. This downturn in the economy created serious hardship for the majority of people, both black and white. The arrival of new technology added to the hardship as cotton looms and ploughs cut work loads, making one person and one tractor able to do the work of eight men and eight mules. Publicity of the suffering of the South created Aid and money from Northern Citizens, but due to the amount of corruption the blacks did not benefit from this. Some workers, both black and white, joined together to fight for more money and better working conditions, and as a result the rich landowners and vigilantly race hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan used violence to break up their protests and demonstrations. Racism comes in three forms – Verbal, Physical and Institutional Verbal Why did the white people feel that they could say something offensive and why did they even say it in the first place? In the Novel Roll of Thunder, Little Man receives a book from his teacher for the new term. He eagerly thumbs through it but to his horror finds a form that reads: Date Condition Owner Sept 1922 Good White Sept 1928 Good White Sept 1930 Average White Sept 1933 Very Poor Nigra The term ‘nigra’ is very offensive and as a result the naive boy protests and gives the book back. His teacher, Mrs Crocker simply replies â€Å"Well, that’s what you are! â€Å". This shows that even teachers can happily pass off insulting words just because a coloured child had owned a book. A further insult was that the book was damaged, which was untrue. Another form of verbal abuse is when in the same book, a mob attempts to lynch TJ, and they decide to try and hang Pa Logan and Mr. Morrison, the ‘human giant’ â€Å"I say, what we oughtta do is take him down the road an take care of that big black giant of a nigger at the same time! And why not that boy he working for too? † The â€Å"boy† they are referring to Pa Logan, a fully-grown, independent man. This is from the time of slavery, where the masters could speak to their slaves as they wished.